Ibikurikira byahinduwe bivuye mu gishinwa hifashishijwe imashini itabanje gukosorwa.
Iyi ngingo izibanda ku rugendo rwubuhinduzi rwo gucukumbura inyandiko za Birmaniya no gusobanura neza inzira yaguhindura Igishinwa mu myandikire ya Birmaniya uhereye ku bintu bine.Ubwa mbere, duhereye ku nkomoko n'ibiranga imyandikire ya Birmaniya, tuzatangiza imiterere shingiro n'inzira y'iterambere.Ibikurikira, uburyo bwo guhindura hamwe nubuhanga kuva mu gishinwa kugera mu nyandiko ya Birmaniya byatangijwe ku buryo burambuye, harimo no gukoresha ibisobanuro no guhindura ubuntu.Noneho, haraganirwaho akamaro k'Abashinwa mu gukwirakwiza umuco wa Miyanimari n'akamaro ko guhindura mu itumanaho ry’umuco hagati y'indimi zombi.Nyuma yibyo, ingingo zingenzi ziyi ngingo zavuzwe muri make, zishimangira akamaro ningorane zo guhindura igishinwa mu nyandiko y’ikirundi.
1. Inkomoko n'ibiranga imyandikire ya Birmaniya
Nka sisitemu yo kwandika kera, kwandika ikirundi bigira uruhare runini mumateka numuco wa Birmaniya.Tangira kumenyekanisha inkomoko niterambere ryimyandikire yikirundi, ugaragaze imiterere yihariye n'ibiranga ibice.Imyandikire ya Birmaniya ni inyandiko yerekana, kandi imiterere yayo igizwe n'ibimenyetso by'ibanze n'ibimenyetso bihuye.Umwanya na gahunda y'ibimenyetso bigena imitwe ihagarariwe.Usibye glyphs yibanze na glyphs ya mugenzi wawe, hari na glyphs zifasha zikoreshwa mukumenya amajwi ninyuguti.Kwandika ikirundi birangwa nuburyo bugoye, umurongo mwiza, hamwe ningorabahizi.
Ibikurikira, imiterere shingiro hamwe niterambere ryimyandikire yikirundi bizatangizwa muburyo burambuye.Kuva Pali yatangiraga kugeza nyuma yo guhuza Sanskrit na Pali, uburyo bwo kwandika bwa kijyambere bwa Birmaniya bwagiye buhoro buhoro.Muri icyo gihe, isobanura zimwe mu mbogamizi n'ingorane zahuye nazo mu ihindagurika ry'inyandiko za Miyanimari n'ingaruka ku iterambere ryayo.
Nka nyandiko ya kera ya syllabic, inyandiko yikirundi ifite imiterere yihariye namateka yiterambere.Gusobanukirwa inkomoko n'ibiyiranga bifite akamaro gakomeye ko kuyobora igishinwa mu nyandiko ya Birmaniya.
2. Uburyo bwo guhindura hamwe nubuhanga kuva mu gishinwa kugera mu nyandiko ya Birmaniya
Guhindura Igishinwa mu nyandiko ya Birmaniya ni umurimo utoroshye kandi utoroshye.Ubwa mbere, uburyo bwo guhindura ibisobanuro kuva mu gishinwa kugera mu nyuguti z'ikirundi.Mugushushanya inyuguti z'igishinwa ku nyuguti z'ikirundi umwe umwe, guhindura ibisobanuro biragerwaho.Muri icyo gihe, hazashyirwaho kandi amategeko y’ibanze n’ubuhanga bwo kumenya imyandikire y’ikirundi.
Usibye guhinduranya, guhindura ubuntu nubundi buryo busanzwe bwo guhindura igishinwa mu nyandiko ya Miyanimari.Mugusobanukirwa insobanuro yinteruro yubushinwa no kuyihindura mumagambo ahuye ninyuguti za Miyanimari, ibisobanuro byatanzwe ntibishobora kuba bimwe, ariko bihuye numuco wa Miyanimari hamwe ningeso zururimi.Ubu buryo bwo guhindura burakwiriye mubice nkibikorwa byubuvanganzo, kwamamaza no gusobanura.
Guhindura kuva mu gishinwa kugera mu nyandiko ya Birmaniya bisaba gukoresha uburyo n'ubuhanga butandukanye, harimo no guhindura no guhindura ubuntu.Mugihe kimwe, kumenya amategeko nubuhanga bwibanze bwo kwandika ikirundi nurufunguzo rwo guhindura.
3. Akamaro k'Abashinwa mu gukwirakwiza umuco wa Miyanimari
Abashinwa bafite uruhare runini mu gukwirakwiza umuco wa Miyanimari.Menyekanisha imikoreshereze n'ingaruka z'Abashinwa muri Miyanimari, harimo uburezi bw'Abashinwa, ubucuruzi n'itangazamakuru.Kuba Abashinwa baramamaye ntibitera gusa guhindurwa kuva mu Gishinwa kugera ku nyuguti z'ikirundi, ahubwo binateza imbere guhanahana umuco n'ubufatanye hagati y'Abashinwa n'Abarundi.
Muri icyo gihe, ubusemuzi bugira uruhare runini mu gukwirakwiza umuco hagati yindimi ebyiri.Binyuze mu buhinduzi, ntabwo ibisobanuro byanditswe gusa bishobora gutangwa, ariko kandi ibisobanuro byumuco nindangagaciro bishobora gutangwa.Ubuhanga bwo guhindura ni ukubaka ibiraro hagati yindimi n’umuco bitandukanye kugirango duteze imbere ubwumvikane n’itumanaho.
Akamaro k'Abashinwa mu itumanaho ry’umuco muri Miyanimari n'uruhare rw'ubuhinduzi mu itumanaho ry'umuco byuzuzanya.Kuba Abashinwa bazwi cyane no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga mu buhinduzi byubatse ikiraro cyo gutumanaho hagati y'indimi zombi.
4. Incamake
Iyi ngingo iragaragaza urugendo rwo guhindura inyandiko z’ikirundi, uhereye ku bintu bine: inkomoko n'ibiranga imyandikire ya Birmaniya, uburyo bwo guhindura hamwe n'ubuhanga kuva mu Gishinwa kugeza ku Birmaniya, n'akamaro k'Abashinwa mu gukwirakwiza umuco wa Birmaniya.Inzira isobanurwa muburyo burambuye.
Hariho ingorane nimbogamizi muguhindura igishinwa mu nyuguti z'ikirundi, ariko kandi gifite akamaro kanini.Ubuhinduzi ntabwo ari uguhindura indimi gusa, ahubwo ni no guhererekanya no guhana umuco.Binyuze mu buhinduzi, itumanaho hagati y’igishinwa n’ikirundi rishobora gukorwa neza kandi neza, kandi ubwumvikane no guhuza indimi n’umuco byombi birashobora gutezwa imbere.
Guhindura Igishinwa mu nyandiko ya Birmaniya ni umurimo w'ingenzi kandi utoroshye.Mugusobanukirwa byimbitse ibiranga imyandikire yikirundi nuburyo bwo guhindura, itumanaho ry’umuco n’ubufatanye hagati yindimi zombi birashobora kugerwaho.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-23-2023